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    成人英語學位英語考試講義(四)
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    三、非謂語動詞 不定式(to + V)

    動名詞

    分詞-ing

    分詞-ed

    (一)動詞不定式(to+動詞原形)

    動詞不定式的語法功能

    可以做除謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。

    1)作主語

    不定式或不定式短語作主語時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數。如:

    To serve the people well is our duty.

    動詞不定式短語作主語時,往往放在謂語動詞的后面,用引導詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為:

    It is our duty to serve the people well.

    類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有:

    It is + n.+ to do

    It takes sb.+ some time + to do

    It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do

    It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do

    例如:

    It is our duty to help them.

    It will take you quite a long time to finish it.

    It is easy for us to answer this question.

    It is kind of you to help me.

    注:

    1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:

    2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。

    2)作賓語

    We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.

    注意:

    如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補語,這時,通常要用"it"作形式賓語,而將不定式放到補語后面去。

    例如:

    他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準備好是不可能的。

    ×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.

    賓語 賓補

    ×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.

    √They found it impossible to get everything ready in

    賓補 賓語

    advance.

    再看下面的兩個例句:

    I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.

    Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.

    三級出題方式:

    I _____ to point out their shortcomings.

    A.consider it my duty

    B.consider it is my duty

    3)作定語

    This is the best way to solve the problem.

    注意:

    ①用不定式作定語時,它與它所修飾的詞有時是動賓關系,所以如果不定式是不及物動詞,其后面應跟上必要的介詞。

    例如:

    Mary needs a friend to play with.

    There is nothing to worry about.

    Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still _____ .

    A.a good place to live

    B.a good place for living in

    C.a good place to be lived in

    D.a good place to live in

    **:D

    ②不定式作定語,如果與他所修飾的詞是動賓關系,則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。

    例如:

    ×Here is a letter for you to type it.

    √Here is a letter for you to type.

    ×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.

    √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.

    同時要注意:在這類結構中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。

    4)作狀語

    In order to overcome difficulties, we must work hard.

    注意:

    ①不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補足語的形容詞,在句中作狀語,這時不定式不能再帶賓語。

    例如:

    √The water is unfit to drink.

    ×The water is unfit to drink it.

    √They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.

    ×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.

    同時要注意:在這類結構中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式。

    ②作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。

    例如:

    ×To save money, the bus was taken instead of plane.

    √To save money, we took the bus instead of plane.

    讓我們看一道2005年11月份的三級試題:

    To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.

    A.one needs being patient person.

    B.patience is to need.

    C.one needs to be patient.

    D.patience is what needed.

    **:C

    2.不定式的邏輯主語

    如要表明不定式或不定式的動作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語),就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如:

    Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

    The conference is too important for you to miss.

    3.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

    不定式有一般、完成、進行等幾種常用的形式,也有主動和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。以study為例:

    主動/被動一般式to study; to be studied

    進行式to be studying

    完成式to have studied; to have been studied

    1)不定式的時態(tài)

    不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時發(fā)生,或是在其后發(fā)生的。如:

    Thousands of young people are learning to ski.

    不定式的進行式(to be doing)所表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時進行的,而且是正在進行的。如:

    They seemed to be getting along quite well.

    不定式的完成進行時(to have done)表示限于謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),to have + V-ed 表示動作,to have been 表示狀態(tài)。如:

    She seems to have finished her work.

    不定式的完成進行時表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生,而且一直進行著。如:

    She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.

    2)不定式的語態(tài)

    每個不定式都有其邏輯主語,如果邏輯主語是動作的發(fā)出者,不定式用主動式,如果其邏輯主語是動作的承受者,不定式用被動式。如:

    The doctor recommended him to air the room.

    醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。

    The doctor recommended the room to be aired.

    醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。

    考試重點:使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況

    (1)在口語中,以why開頭的簡單問句中。例如:

    Why do it that way?

    Why not go out for a walk?

    (2)某些使役動詞,如make, let,have等后面跟動詞不定時作賓語補足語時,用省略to的不定式。如:

    Let him do it.讓他做吧。

    I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。

    (3)表示生理感覺的動詞后接不定時作賓語補足語時,不定式不帶to.這類詞有:

    feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 hear聽到

    watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知

    notice注意 see看見 look at看

    注意:

    表示 "感覺"的動詞,既可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語,又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,但兩者有含義上的差別?,F(xiàn)在分詞作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的進行,以不帶to的不定式作這些動詞的賓語補足語,表示動作的完成。

    例如:

    I heard her playing the violin.

    我聽到她在拉小提琴.

    I don't see the ball break the window.

    我沒有看到球砸壞玻璃.

    注意:

    上述使役動詞與感覺動詞轉換為被動結構時,其后的不定式需帶to,如:

    He was seen to come.

    The boy was made to go to bed early.

    (4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。例如:

    Last night I did nothing but watch TV.

    昨天晚上,除了看電視,我什么也沒干。

    但是,如果謂語動詞不是"do nothing,anything,everything",那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶to.

    The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

    醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。

    There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.

    除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別的辦法。

    記憶口訣:

    前面有do,后面省to,前面無do,后面帶to.

    (5)下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。

    can not help but do(不得不)

    can not but do(不得不)

    cannot choose but do(只能)

    have no choice but do (只能)

    had better do(最好)

    would rather do(寧愿)

    例如:

    When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

    不定式練習

    翻譯下列句子:

    走路去那里十分鐘就到了。(考查不定式做主語的句型)

    下一步做什么還沒定。(考查疑問詞+不定式的用法)

    我們不可能趕上第一班車。(考查不定式做主語)

    學英語的學生必須有本好字典。(考查不定式做主語,同時考察不定式的邏輯主語)

    他是我們班唯一說英語的人。(考查不定式作定語)

    他說話太快,我們跟不上。(考查too…to…結構,不定式作狀語)

    大廳足夠大,能容納一百人。(考查enough…to…結構,不定式作狀語)

    起床后媽媽會提醒我洗臉。(考查不定式作賓補)

    為了不讓我們失望,你必須遵守你的諾言。(考查不定式作狀語)

    參考**

    It takes ten minutes to walk there.

    <
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